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This paper proposes a highly reliable monitoring and equalization scheme for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) with batteries (BTs) and supercapacitors (SCs). The system is properly designed for electric motor drives in building applications. However, the proposed system can also be applied in any other building applications by slightly changing the control algorithm. The […]

This paper proposes an electric energy management system (EEMS) based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique that can provide enhanced effectiveness in the appliance scheduling and energy storage control of a nearly zero energy building (nZEB). Specifically, the PSO online finds the optimal operating condition by properly time shifting the controllable loads of a